A Review of Ship-to-Ship Interactions in Calm Waters

The hydrodynamic interaction between two or more ships in harbours inland waterways is a classical maritime engineering research area. In ship manoeuvring practice, masters try to determine the speed and gap limit when passing encountering others, particularly confined water ways. This requires an accurate prediction of force acting on both ships. pioneer experimental studies showed that could lead very large yaw moment this strongly time-dependent, which make veer from their original courses, leading collisions. Based findings measurements, some empirical formulas are proposed literature predict such forces. However, these provide satisfactory estimation only quite high, depth shallow constant. Numerical simulation overcomes issue by simulating ship-to-ship problem considering effect 3D hull, variable speed. has now become most widely adopted method investigate problem. present study, development methodologies problems will be reviewed, challenges summarized.